Editorial note (2026-10-03): historical author report from 2016, with preliminary observations and a biography from that period. “Double hit” describes group comparisons, not a measured doubling of an individual risk. The published morphometry study is observational and explicitly does not establish causality; the follow-up study assesses cognitive change, not a treatment trial or proof that intervention prevents structural changes.
Women living with HIV who have endured a trauma such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse, or neglect earlier in their lives are more likely to have trouble remembering, paying attention or multitasking. Parts of their brains are also smaller than women who are only affected by HIV.
In the study to assess the combined impact of HIV and trauma on women we found that women who have both childhood trauma and HIV are more likely to have more trouble with their cognitive functions.
It has been known for some time that HIV affects the brain. People living with the virus may have trouble paying attention, remembering and switching between tasks. Their movement, coordination and dexterity may also be impaired.
Studies assessing victims of early life trauma have shown that these children undergo changes in their brain structures that affect their everyday functioning. These include difficulty learning and remembering, paying attention and executing an instruction. This may be associated with academic underachievement or mental health difficulties in childhood or later in life.
But the impact that early life stress may have on the brain in the context of HIV infection has received very little attention. Our study aimed to address this.
The research may provide clues to potential therapeutic targets in affected women and therefore contribute to reducing the burden of HIV. This is important because sub-Saharan Africa has one of the most serious HIV epidemics in the world. In 2013, women accounted for 59% of adults living with HIV in eastern and southern Africa. Many have also been subjected to trauma growing up.
A look inside the brain
We conducted a longitudinal study at the Department of Psychiatry at South Africa’s Stellenbosch University that compared women living with HIV and women without HIV, both with a history of early life trauma and without one.
Participants were recruited through community health-care facilities in a metropole in the Western Cape province. They underwent two neurocognitive and neuroimaging assessments to measure their brain function and structure.
The first assessment, conducted at the beginning of the study, measured their attention span, and their capacity to remember and multitask. It also measured the volumes of parts of the brain known to be affected by HIV. The second assessment measured the same variables a year later.
Neurocognition was assessed using an international neuropsychological battery sensitive to the effects of HIV. This involves a series of pencil and paper and computerised tests to measure aspects of cognitive function such as memory, speed of information processing, motor skills, verbal fluency and executive function.
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging measured the size of certain regions of the brain. This was done to ascertain whether HIV infection and childhood trauma or the combination was associated with alterations in brain structures in our sample.
What we found
The most commonly reported childhood trauma type was emotional abuse followed by emotional neglect, physical neglect, physical abuse and lastly sexual abuse.
The preliminary data revealed that the size (volume) of certain brain regions was significantly smaller in women living with HIV with a history of childhood trauma compared with the other three groups.
Findings also suggested that alterations in these brain regions may be associated with poorer cognitive performance in the domains of processing speed, working memory, executive function, motor skills, learning and verbal fluency, with these effects more pronounced in women living with both HIV and childhood trauma.
Though previous research has shown that there could be an improvement in these functions when people living with HIV received antiretrovirals, preliminary analyses of follow-up data in our study showed the effects of HIV and childhood trauma remained evident a year later. This was despite greater antiretroviral uptake and improved HIV disease status among these women.
At both baseline and follow-up points, scores for most neuropsychological tasks suggested poorer performance in the dually affected group compared with all other groups, suggesting that the “double hit” of HIV infection and early life stress may be more detrimental to the brain.
How this can change
These findings highlight the need for trauma screening and for the integration of trauma-focused interventions in HIV care to improve outcomes in affected individuals. The experience of early life trauma deserves more attention in the clinical care of people living with HIV.
Cognitive impairments should be addressed in the treatment of victims of childhood trauma. Keeping in mind that the brain is developing in childhood and adolescence, early support is important, but our observational study does not establish that an intervention prevents long-term brain alterations.
http://theconversation.com/hiv-positive-women-with-childhood-trauma-have-double-the-brain-trouble-59764
Dr Georgina Spies– I am a postdoctoral researcher in the department of Psychiatry at Stellenbosch University. My interests lie in the field of NeuroAIDS. I am working on two neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies, one in HIV-infected women exposed to childhood trauma and the other in HIV-infected individuals who engage in hazardous alcohol use.